Over the past 100 years, Duo Yunxuan has accumulated a wealth of calligraphy and painting collections, which can be described as absorbing thousands of years of ink and spirit. Among them, the exquisite woodblock watermarking technology has spread many legends to these folks in the form of copies. Clouds on the sea In July 1900, on the eve of the invasion of China by the Allied Powers of the Eight Powers, "Shenbao" published a message in an unremarkable position for a few days in a row, and announced the news that a small fan fan "Duoyunxuan" was about to open in Shanghai. However, within a few years, the letterheads and fan-faces hand-printed by Duo Yunxuan have gradually become the private love of Shanghai literati and social elites. Yayi's word "Duoyun" originated from the five generations of Wei Zhi. He often wrote letters with multicolored paper, and if the word was written as Wuduoyun, future generations called the letter "Duoyun". Borrowing this elegant name, the founder of Duoyunxuan started from the small business of self-printing and fan-making, and gradually developed into a large-scale woodblock watermarking workshop. The woodblock watermark was expanded and published by art, and the management of calligraphy and painting was the core. Carry out art collections and auctions, develop and grow into a famous watermark production and calligraphy and painting management home on the sea. Today, on the prosperous Nanjing East Road in Shanghai, the 100-year-old shop of Duoyunxuan stands there. The plaque in front of the door is set with the words "Duoyunxuan" from Mi Fu's book style. It's a little bit of the old-fashioned ancient meaning. In a corner of the crowd avoiding the crowd, in a small building in the backyard of Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Publishing House, the dim light reflected a wooden sign on the wall opposite the staircase on the second floor, with a line of submerged inscriptions inscribed on it: wooden watermark . This simple-looking studio is the carrier of woodblock watermarking technology known as "living fossil" for printing. In addition to Shanghai's Duoyunxuan, only Beijing's long-established Rongbaozhai still retains the complete traditional woodblock watermarking skills. Therefore, the two are called "Southern North Beirong" by the painting and calligraphy circles. The one on the far left is misty and it is a fairly spacious watermark studio. At the entrance, two humidifiers were sprayed with white mist, which made the room look a bit trance. Several long old workbenches were placed like the former workshop. Several elders and young girls were buried in their heads. The small lamp on the stage may be painted or printed. In order to ensure sufficient air humidity in the watermark room, the humidifier is always on here, the windows on all four sides are tightly closed, and the air conditioner cannot be turned on in summer. The window is full of wet shadows. The 69-year-old Lou Xingzhen, who is sitting by the window, is the oldest teacher in the watermark room. After retiring, he was hired to continue to bring students. The students she brings are 4 young and beautiful girls. Counting these young people should be the third generation of students she brought. Most of these students are still in the elementary stage of a three-year apprenticeship. They turn over jade paper, print some pictures, and scratch paper to do basic skills. Lin Yuqing sitting in front of them is the first generation of disciples brought out by Lou Xingzhen's generation of teachers. She has been working in this watermark room for more than 30 years and is now the only technician in the watermark room cover. Lin Yuqing held two thick and thin brushes in his right hand, making the last delicate touch for the painting on the gold paper in front of him. Strokes, unfolding scales, brilliant paintings, it is a copy of the emperor's great system handed down from Ren Bonian-"Quanxian Birthday Illustration". Plain paper engraved on wood print Zheng Mingchuan is the director of Duoyunxuan woodblock watermarking room. He graduated from China Academy of Art and studied Chinese painting flowers and birds. He has been in Duoyunxuan woodblock watermarking studio for 8 years. He told us that the group of Ren Biannian "Quan Xian Zhu Shou Tu" currently being produced is 2.1 meters high and 7.2 meters wide. It will be the most large-scale boutique in the history of woodblock watermarking in size. It took them six or seven years on and off, and it is estimated that it will be completed in 2010, which will be the masterpiece of today's woodblock watermarking process. The time spent in depicting each character in "Quan Xian's Birthday" is difficult to measure. Zheng Mingchuan once showed me a paper draft of one of the grass blades he described. The veins are intricate, overlapping and complicated. It took him nearly two months to sketch this piece. The engraving of each character after sketching took more than ten working days. In the twelve-screen image of the full-length "Quan Xian's Birthday", there are as many as 46 carefully carved characters, let alone Xianshan Pavilion, Spirit Stones and Weeds, Rare Animals and Beasts. The craftsmanship is detailed and complicated, and the colors are colorful. Only a few nail-sized flowers on the head of the character or a few strokes of ink on the grass and vines have to engrave a color version for them ... so kung fu, just think about the pile Nearly 2,000 blocks of trivial piles of various sizes and shapes can be known. In the studio where Xitou sketched on the second floor, the little girl Kong Niyan carefully moved the pen under the table lamp. After getting the manuscript, she generally needs to make a detailed copy of the manuscript to use as a print. At the same time, she will also deepen her understanding of the coloring process and some subtle details of the work through copying, so as to facilitate a reasonable edition. After dividing the edition, cover it with semi-transparent goose skin on the film draft, and divide the whole painting into several independent "? Edition" or "arch flower" drafts on the goose paper. Kong Niyan shook his hand with a piece of thin and light goose skin paper and said, "This goose skin paper is smooth and not ink-reduced. It is now scarce." I have heard that Echizen's goose skin paper in Japan is water-resistant and not decayed. millennium. Kong Niyan was here after graduating from university last year, because her major was Chinese painting and flowers. She felt that there were no more complicated interpersonal relationships and trivial matters. After talking with the ancients for a while, she put aside the book and read for a while. Such a simple state made me miss the days when I met Wu Daozi and "Yongle Palace" when I was in college ... In the engraving room next door, there was less ink and more wood. Boxwood and pear wood of various sizes and shapes are placed here, covered with fine lines and knife patterns. Li Zhi and Sun Qun in the engraving room are not old, but their qualifications are not shallow. Li Zhi has engraved the edition for 20 years, Sun Qun is less than 30, and he has been here for 8 years. Both are disciples of Jiang Min. Jiang Min, who is now in his early 70s, has already retired at home. Sun Qun should be the last apprentice he brought. Sun Qun is carving a group of auspicious clouds in "Quan Xian's Birthday". The cloud was "opened" halfway, and the other half was still under the thin goose paper. Leaned over and looked at the delicately layered knife marks on the flat and planed pear wood plate, like scaled skin. Yang Yun in the watermarking room took a brown brush in his left hand at this time-the paper rod fixed a stack of rice paper on the printing table. After the watering can was wet, the paper was covered with oil cloth and dipped evenly. The first piece was shaped like The printed version of the bean cake was aligned and fixed with baked plaster-now she is about to start printing. There is no cinnabar or garcinia in the case. What is to be printed is a landscape of ink and wash: Qi Baishi's "Smooth Sailing". Yang Yun took the brush and dipped a little light ink in the porcelain plate. A brown brush in his left hand circled the porcelain plate evenly and brushed it on the printing plate. Then he filled the pen with the ink and dipped the ink according to the draft. When the ink arrived, he held the end of the rice paper with his left hand, and applied a moderate, unbiased alignment to the printing plate. He held a brown rake on the right and printed it on the back of the paper. During the speech, Yang Yun quickly lifted the rice paper with one hand, and the two mountain and forest homes had been properly presented in the picture. Q: How long will it take for these 100 "Smooth Sailing" to be printed? The answer: three or four months. Each process of the watermarking as a traditional process must be completely manual. All the inheritance of the skills is taught by the master and the apprentice from generation to generation. Young people who come here to learn art must lay the foundation after a three-year apprenticeship, practice sketching every day to learn sketching, grind calluses on the hands of the engraved version, and learn the watermark from the one-year The basic skills of the rake-the left hand lifts the lifting rake horizontally and brushes 500 small pictures every day ... After the apprenticeship expires, he can only succeed after long-term on-hand operations and ink contamination. Zheng Mingchuan said that it takes about 5-10 years to train a person here, and every craftsman has to face the test of work silence and poor life. This is the basic reality faced by woodblock watermarking and other folk crafts. [next] Three legends Over the past 100 years, Duo Yunxuan has accumulated rich collections of calligraphy and paintings despite the ups and downs, allowing a large number of ancient pen and ink treasures scattered among the folk to be wiped out. Among them, there are many national treasure-level cultural relics, which can be described as absorbing thousands of years of ink and spirit. The exquisite woodblock watermarking skills spread these folks to the folks in the form of copies, but also added many legends. The first is a few spurious stories about woodblock copies of watermarks. There was a "frog" by the old man Bai Shi, which was printed from Duo Yun Xuan and was mistakenly acquired as the original work. In fact, this is not blind, and sometimes even the author himself is difficult to distinguish the true and false: a certain time Bai Shi The old man approached Duo Yunxuan, and the store brought out a frame of "Shrimp" according to the original watermark to let him identify. The old man Shi Baishi looked at it for a long time, and finally shook his head. There are too many similar things. Many people often choose the original and the duplicate from the old and the new. The mounting of replicas with materials similar to the original is another feature of Duoyunxuan, so it is really difficult to tell the truth. Many collectors have to turn to the experts of Duoyunxuan: a letter from a foreign country was sent to Duoyunxuan with a color photo of red morning glory made by Qi Baishi. The sender asked Duoyunxuan if he had copied this painting. Because he was afraid that the master work he bought at a high price was a wooden watermark replica. Probably most collectors at home and abroad have learned the skills of the original original Xiao Duoxuan wooden watermark. Secondly, even if you don't talk about the fine and elegant "step drawing", "Song Renzhen" and "Xixiang Ji", which is a collection of craftsmanship, you can't help mention "Shizhuzhai Picture Book". This Seiko work, printed in the late 1980s, was reproduced by Duo Yunxuan based on Minghu Zhengyan's color prints "Shizhuzhai Calligraphy and Painting" and "Shizhuzhai Notes". Hu Zhengyan is good at painting and calligraphy, and especially good at making prints. After abandoning his official life, he leads a reclusive life and spends the rest of his life running watermark woodcuts. The paintings and paintings of Shizhuzhai Calligraphy and Shizhuzhai, which he painted and engraved, took 26 years from the beginning to the completion, and they have collected overprinting techniques such as editions and arch flowers. They are exquisite and unprecedented, and they are immortal. Until now, the watermarking technique of "Southern and Northern Glory" still largely follows Hu's model. These two hand-painted paintings scattered from the original album were reproduced with the strength of Duo Yunxuan for many years, and were sent to the Leipzig International Art Book Exhibition for exhibition in 1989, which caused a sensation. When judging the prize, the jury selected this set of Ming Hu Zhengyan's "Ten Zhuzhai Calligraphy and Painting", they even felt that the highest gold award in Leipzig's history was not enough to commend, so they specially set up a "national award" and solemnly awarded Duo Yunxuan ——They have never been able to understand how the Chinese printed such a work, and they could n’t see any outlets when they zoomed in, exactly like the original. Hu Yefo is probably the biggest legend among the watermark people in Duoyunxuan woodblock. This person was a Shanghai style painter, especially a worker. Hu Yefo had no obedience in his life, and he relied on the aura to rejuvenate the ancient method. Hu Yefo's line art is still a must in the world. It is said that Zhang Daqian, the master of traditional Chinese painting, was amazed by Hu Yefo's beautiful ladies. After a period of ups and downs, Hu Yefu served as the leader of the arresting team and was responsible for the general design of the woodblock watermark, which made an important foundation for the growth of the first generation of disciples in Duoyunxuan. "Akihara Hunting Map" (original by Qiu Ying) sketched by him became an early treasure of Duoyunxuan. Precisely because of the existence of Hu Yefo, "North Rong" Rong Bao Zhai had to give in to "Nanduo" three points. Some time ago I heard that Hu Yefo's masterpiece "Jin Ping Mei" took more than 500,000 shots, and some people are not ashamed to be high. He has very few real survivors. It is estimated that there are at most a dozen of them in China. Hu Yefo after the "Cultural Revolution" was robbed in his later years. His arm was trembling due to a serious illness, but he still did not forget to use it. He often staggered with his walking stick to Duoyunxuan woodblock watermark studio, with a beautiful long beard and his demeanor. In June 2008, the Dounxuan woodblock watermarking technique, known as the living fossil of printing, was selected as one of the representatives of Shanghai's intangible cultural heritage and was included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection lists.
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